The provided text appears to be a medical resource or educational material related to Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN). It outlines diagnostic methods, management strategies, and treatment options for PPHN. Here is a summary of the key points: **Diagnostic Methods:** 1. Echocardiography to screen for and diagnose PPHN 2. Echocardiography with Doppler and color-flow mapping to assess shunt direction and pressures 3. Cranial ultrasonography to evaluate for intraventricular bleeding and peripheral areas of hemorrhage or infarct 4. Cranial ultrasonography with Doppler flow to assess nonhemorrhagic infarcts 5. Brain computed tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate central nervous system injury **Procedures:** 1. Cardiac catheterization is rarely used due to echocardiographic findings being typically diagnostic. **Management Principles:** 1. Continuous monitoring of oxygenation, blood pressure, and perfusion 2. Maintaining a normal body temperature 3. Correction of electrolytes/glucose abnormalities and metabolic acidosis 4. Nutritional support 5. Minimal stimulation/handling of the newborn 6. Minimal use of invasive procedures (e.g., suctioning) **Medical Therapy:** 1. Inotropic support (e.g., dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone) 2. Surfactant administration for premature and full-term newborns with parenchymal lung disease 3. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to maintain normal functional residual capacity 4. High-frequency ventilation used in newborns with underlying parenchymal lung disease and low lung volumes 5. Correction of hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, and alkalosis 6. Induced paralysis (controversial) and ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) for optimal ventilatory support. **Pharmacotherapy:** 1. Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide) and supplemental oxygen 2. Systemic vasodilators (e.g., prostacyclin, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists) 3. Prostaglandin E1 if the ductus arteriosus is closed or restrictive. Please note that this text appears to be a summary of various medical treatment options and diagnostic methods for PPHN, but it may not provide comprehensive information on each topic.