There is no specific text provided for me to summarize. The content appears to be a medical topic related to Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Newborns (PPHN) management, including diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and therapeutic interventions. However, I can provide an outline of the key points: **I. Diagnostic Methods** * Echocardiography: To screen for PPHN and rule out structural heart lesions * Echocardiography with Doppler and color-flow mapping: To assess intracardiac shunt and pulmonary arterial pressures * Cranial ultrasonography: To evaluate for intraventricular bleeding and peripheral hemorrhage or infarct * Brain computed tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging: To evaluate central nervous system injury **II. Procedural Management** * Cardiac catheterization: Rarely utilized to exclude congenital heart disease **III. General Management Principles** * Continuous monitoring of oxygenation, blood pressure, and perfusion * Maintaining normal body temperature * Correction of electrolytes/glucose abnormalities and metabolic acidosis * Nutritional support * Minimal stimulation/handling of the newborn * Minimal use of invasive procedures (e.g., suctioning) **IV. Medical Therapy** * Inotropic support (e.g., dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone) * Surfactant administration: For premature and full-term newborns with parenchymal lung disease * Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation: To maintain normal functional residual capacity * High-frequency ventilation: Used in newborns with underlying parenchymal lung disease and low lung volumes * Correction of hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, and alkalosis * Induced paralysis: Controversial; paralytic agents are typically reserved for newborns who cannot be treated with sedatives alone **V. Pharmacotherapy** * Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide) and supplemental oxygen * Systemic vasodilators: Potentially beneficial for chronic PPHN after the newborn period (e.g., prostacyclin, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists) * Prostaglandin E1 if the ductus arteriosus is closed or restrictive in the setting of suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressures and/or right ventricular dysfunction leading to poor systemic perfusion